一、The mechanism of ketopeptide (BHB-P)
  As we all know, beta-hydroxybutyric acid (BHB) is an important metabolite found in animals, bacteria and plants. In animals, BHB is formed by oxidative metabolism of fatty acids and can therefore be used as an energy source when there is not enough blood sugar. Numerous studies have shown that in the human body, BHB is not only an intermediate metabolite, but also an important metabolic regulatory molecule that can affect gene expression, lipid metabolism, neuronal function, and overall metabolic rate. Some of these effects are direct effects of BHB itself, while others are indirect regulatory effects of metabolites converted by BHB.

  Ketopeptide (BHB-P) is a small molecule peptide composed of BHB and amino acids. In the human body, as the precursor of BHB, it is transported to the brain and various tissues and organs through the circulatory system, and BHB molecules and amino acids are obtained through enzyme digestion. While playing the role of BHB in the body, the function of amino acids is increased.

二、Advantages of ketopeptide(BHB-P)
  Based on the great potential of BHB for human health, scientists have been innovating in the application field of BHB since the 1920s. From the ketogenic diet to the invention of exogenous ketone esters and ketone salts, to the most popular keto peptide (BHB-P), technological iterations have gradually pushed BHB to the focus of new clinical health care.

1.Ketopeptide (BHB-P) versus ketogenic diet
  Ketogenic diet is a diet with high fat, low carbohydrate and appropriate amount of protein. It simulates the metabolic process in the body under the condition of organism hunger. The passive metabolism of fat induces the production of ketone body, which is the active form of organism hunger. In fact, the ketogenic diet requires professional customized guidance, blindly following the general method, and putting aside the poor execution there are still many shortcomings: 1, it is not conducive to fat metabolism consumption. 2, beginners are usually accompanied by lethargy and dizziness, but also bring adverse effects on the balance of nutritional bacteria in the stomach, and most people are difficult to adhere to. Ketopeptides can obtain BHB through intake without interfering with normal eating habits, and healthy eating habits are more conducive to its function, especially not hungry and eat less.

2.Ketopeptide (BHB-P) in contrast to ketosalt
  As an endogenous substance, BHB has three defects: First, it is easy to be destroyed by stomach acid and enzymes, and its bioavailability is low; Second, BHB is unstable and needs to exist in the form of salt. Long-term use and excessive intake may cause high salt adverse reactions, such as hyperkalemia; Third, as a ketone body, β-hydroxybutyric acid in the blood concentration is too high, may lead to ketoacidosis. Therefore, ketone salt is difficult to play its due role in clinical practice.
  As the precursor of BHB, keto peptides exist in the form of free peptides in the blood after ingestion, and then obtain BHB and amino acids through enzyme digestion to play a role, keto peptides have higher safety and bioavailability than ketone salts.

三、The usage of ketopeptide(BHB-P)
  Ketopeptides extend the function of BHB and amino acids, and their basic role can provide energy for the body, express biological signals, promote metabolism, and regulate the most basic metabolic pathway of the human body - tricarboxylic acid cycle (citric acid cycle, TCA cycle). Keto peptides with different peptide bonds have different roles, which provides the possibility of directional development of keto peptides, and is well-deserved "super fuel".

1.BHB-P is a signaling molecule with multiple signaling pathways in the body that can promote fat metabolism. BHB-P has been shown to lower low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, increase high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, and reduce fat cell size. At the cellular level, BHB significantly increases mitochondrial uncoupling in brown adipose tissue (BAT), resulting in increased mitochondrial respiration and heat production, and elevated resting energy expenditure (REE) in obese individuals.

2.BHB-P inhibits the release of lipolysis into serum by activating G-protein-coupled receptor GPCR (GPCR109A is a key endogenous receptor of BHB), reduces blood lipids and alleviates atherosclerosis.

3.As an alternative energy, BHB-P can reduce the symptoms of decreased glucose metabolism in the brain, improve the brain energy metabolism of patients, improve cognitive level, and overcome the disease of decreased glucose metabolism in the brain.

4.Tricarboxylic acid is the hub of metabolism of sugar, fat and protein. BHB-P is the product of fat metabolism and acts as an endogenous signaling substance to form negative feedback to promote fat metabolism and thus dredge the tricarboxylic acid cycle.

5.In the body, BHB-P can replace glucose energy metabolism at the same time, can play a role in improving insulin sensitivity, which is beneficial to prevent diabetes and obesity.

6.Bhb-p can promote neurotransmitter synthesis, BHB is relatively efficient in producing acetyl-CoA, and increases the acetyl CoA flux through the TCA cycle. Increased the proportion of oxaloacetic acid required to coagulate with acetyl-CoA to allow it to enter the TCA cycle, thereby reducing the availability of free oxaloacetic acid to participate in the deamination of glutamate to aspartic acid. By indirectly binding oxaloacetic acid together, BHB pushes the fate of glutamate toward GABA, a role of BHB catabolism that appears to increase GABAergic neurons' ability to rapidly produce GABA from glutamate.In addition, BHB can induce Ly-6C (Lo) monocytes or macrophages to transmit neuroprotective signals to the brain by activating the hydroxy-carboxylic acid receptor 2 (HCA2).

7.In using preclinical tumor models to study the functional effects of BHB on the host immune system and tumor immune monitoring, highlighting the immunomodulatory properties of the ketogenic diet and the abundance of BHB, it was found that both the ketogenic diet and BHB affect the balance between immunostimulatory and immunosuppressive pathways, thereby improving the antitumor effects of ICB. Here, the immunoanticancer properties induced by BHB were confirmed.

 In summary, BHB-P is a small molecule that plays a variety of roles in regulating the body's metabolic health. In fact, BHB-P plays an active role in everything from nutrition and exercise to prevention and treatment, metabolism, and age-related diseases.

 Until now, numerous studies have focused on the neurological and cardiovascular benefits of BHB-P in both human and animal models. In recent years, the use of BHB-P supplements to induce the body to consume BHB efficiently has become increasingly popular. Intake of BHB-P can effectively optimize the metabolic cycle and thus improve health performance.

 BHB-P is considered the most successful technology in the field. Its novelty has changed the previous clinical health care application of BHB. The hope is that this small molecule peptide, dubbed a "super fuel," can attract and help scientists and researchers around the world develop new treatments that will benefit overall metabolic health and potentially extend human life expectancy.

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